Patent Foramen Ovale (PFO)
A patent foramen ovale (PFO) is a small flap-like opening between the upper chambers of the heart, called the atria, that normally exists before birth. In most people, this opening closes naturally shortly after birth. However, in up to 25% of the population, the flap remains partially open, which is then referred to as a PFO. While often harmless, the persistence of this opening can occasionally allow blood to pass between the atria in ways that may have clinical significance. Many people with a PFO are unaware they have it.
Why does it happen?
For most individuals, a PFO does not cause any health problems and remains undetected. In certain cases, however, it can allow small blood clots to pass from one side of the heart to the other, which may then travel to the brain and increase the risk of stroke. It can also be a concern for professional or recreational divers, where a PFO may contribute to decompression sickness, commonly known as “the bends.” Awareness of a PFO is therefore important in specific situations where its presence may pose a risk.
What are the symptoms?
Most people with a PFO experience no symptoms, and the condition is often discovered incidentally during investigations for another health issue. Because it usually does not interfere with normal heart function, many individuals live their entire lives without any complications. Detection typically occurs during specialised heart imaging or when a patient experiences an unexplained stroke or other related event.
Why is it important?
Closure of a PFO may be recommended in selected patients, particularly those who have experienced a cryptogenic stroke, where a clot may have travelled from one side of the heart to the other.
It may also be considered in professional divers or amateur enthusiasts who plan to perform deep dives, as a PFO can increase the risk of decompression-related complications. Timely closure in these cases can help prevent serious events and improve long-term safety.
How is it treated?
A PFO can be closed using a minimally invasive procedure in which a small device is delivered through a catheter inserted into a vein in the leg. This avoids open-heart surgery and is generally very safe.
Most patients can return home on the same day and recover quickly. The procedure effectively seals the opening, preventing future passage of blood or clots between the atria while allowing the heart to function normally.
frequently asked questions
Can a PFO cause problems on its own?
In most people, a PFO does not cause any health issues and often remains undetected throughout life. Problems usually arise only in specific situations, such as after a cryptogenic stroke or in deep divers.
How is a PFO diagnosed?
A PFO is usually detected with a specialised heart scan, such as an echocardiogram with a bubble study. It may also be found incidentally during tests for other conditions.
How is a PFO treated?
A PFO can be closed using a small device inserted through a catheter, avoiding open-heart surgery. This minimally invasive procedure is safe, quick, and most patients return home the same day.
Results and Next Steps
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You can contact us to book an appointment, discuss our services, or request further information about your condition or treatment options. We aim to make every step of your journey as straightforward and reassuring as possible.