The UK's National Lead for Structural Heart Intervention - Now Practicing in London

Heart care delivered by a world-renowned UK cardiologist.

Trusted by patients worldwide, we deliver personalised cardiac care with unmatched expertise. Combining cutting-edge innovation and compassionate support, your heart health is always in the best hands.

Symptoms

Understand the warning signs your heart may be giving you. Explore common symptoms like chest pain, breathlessness, and palpitations — and learn when to seek expert care.

Conditions

Learn more about common and complex heart conditions, from arrhythmias to coronary artery disease. With world-leading expertise, we guide you to the right diagnosis and advanced treatment options.

Treatments

Discover a comprehensive range of advanced cardiac treatments, from state-of-the-art diagnostics to minimally invasive procedures. Each approach is personalised to protect, treat, and strengthen your heart.

About Dr Suneil Aggarwal

A man with short dark hair, wearing blue-rimmed glasses, a navy blazer, and a white collared shirt, poses against a plain white background.

Dr Suneil Aggarwal is an Interventional Cardiologist specialising in valve and congenital heart disease interventions (structural intervention), as well as general cardiology. He qualified with multiple distinctions and prizes from University College London in 2002 and completed his postgraduate training in Oxford, India (Puttaparthi) and London.

He completed an MD research degree from University College London and a 2 year fellowship in TAVI and congenital interventions at The Heart Hospital and Barts Heart Centre in 2015. He has been practicing as Lead for Structural Intervention in Liverpool for the last 9 years, where he developed the service into one of the largest in the UK. He has now relocated to Barts Heart Centre to practice at what is one of the largest cardiac centres in Europe. He has particular expertise in TAVI, mitral interventions, PFO/ASD closure and other complex congenital and valve interventions. He is actively involved in research and training of the next generation of interventional cardiologists, and is regularly invited to speak around the world. As well as this, he regularly participates in voluntary work abroad. His reputation amongst his peers is reflected in being thrice elected to the Council of the British Cardiovascular Intervention Society, the national society for interventional cardiologists. He is now the National Lead for Structural Intervention, which includes PFO closure, TAVI and other valve interventions and congenital heart disease interventions.

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Evidence-based cardiac treatments focused on long-term heart health.

Our Blogs

A consultant’s guide to heart-healthy living in London

London’s consulting sector demands sustained mental focus, resilience, and long working hours. Tight project deadlines, client meetings across the City and Canary Wharf, international travel, and frequent corporate dinners can leave little time to prioritise personal health.

While these pressures may be accepted as part of the profession, they can gradually increase cardiovascular risk through poor dietary choices, physical inactivity, disrupted sleep, and ongoing work stress.

Remaining heart healthy does not require unrealistic routines or major lifestyle changes. Instead, it is about developing consistent, evidence-based habits that fit naturally into a demanding schedule. By making sensible choices around nutrition, exercise, travel, recovery, and preventive healthcare, consultants can protect their cardiovascular health, manage blood pressure, reduce long-term health risks, and maintain the energy and resilience needed throughout their careers.

Navigating corporate entertaining: the clinical reality of fine dining

Corporate entertaining is an important part of consulting, but frequent restaurant meals can negatively affect cardiovascular health. Business dinners often involve large portions, salty foods, refined carbohydrates, rich desserts, and regular alcohol consumption.

If this happens frequently, it can contribute to weight gain, higher blood pressure and cholesterol, and increased cardiovascular risk, particularly when combined with long working hours and limited physical activity. Making better food choices during business events can reduce these risks without affecting professional or social commitments.

Maintaining heart health during client events does not mean avoiding restaurants or social occasions. Choosing grilled fish or lean meat, vegetables, wholegrains, and lighter starters helps to reduce excessive salt and unhealthy fats.

Limiting alcohol, drinking water throughout the meal, and avoiding unnecessary extra courses can also help without making you appear overly restrictive. Paying attention to portion sizes can further reduce unnecessary calorie intake. Small, consistent choices can have a meaningful impact on long-term cardiovascular health.

Preparation can also make healthier choices easier. Eating a protein-rich snack before going to dinner can prevent excessive hunger and reduce the likelihood of overeating.

After evening events, prioritising hydration and good-quality sleep, while limiting late-night alcohol, can support recovery and help reduce some of the short-term effects of heavy meals and late-night dining. Regular physical activity during periods of frequent business entertaining also helps maintain cardiovascular fitness. Establishing simple healthy routines makes it much easier to balance professional responsibilities with long-term heart health.

High-yield aerobic efficiency for time-poor professionals

Many busy professionals rely mainly on the walking they do during the working day. While this is helpful, structured aerobic exercise can provide greater cardiovascular benefits within a relatively short amount of time.

Zone 2 training involves exercising at a moderate intensity where your breathing and heart rate increase, but you can still hold a conversation comfortably. This type of exercise strengthens the heart, improves fitness and endurance, and supports healthier blood vessels without leaving you exhausted for the rest of the day.

Regular zone 2 exercise encourages the formation of additional capillaries (small blood vessels), helping to improve blood flow around the body. It also improves the way muscles use energy and can help support healthier blood pressure over time.

These changes improve cardiovascular fitness and can increase day-to-day stamina, making long meetings, presentations, travel, and demanding project deadlines easier to manage. Better cardiovascular fitness can also improve recovery from both physical and mental stress.

Three or four sessions lasting around thirty to forty minutes each week can provide meaningful benefits. Activities such as brisk uphill walking, cycling, swimming, rowing, or light jogging can all achieve the right intensity.

Scheduling exercise in the diary like a client meeting can make it much easier to stay consistent. This turns exercise into a planned investment in long-term health rather than something that happens only when spare time becomes available. For most people, consistency matters much more than occasional bursts of intense exercise.

Travel cardiology: mitigating jet lag and circulatory stress

Frequent business travel can affect cardiovascular health in ways that go beyond simply feeling tired. Long-haul flights often involve prolonged sitting, dehydration, irregular meals, and disrupted sleep.

Sitting still for several hours slows the flow of blood through the legs, while inadequate hydration can increase blood viscosity, meaning the blood becomes slightly more concentrated. These factors may place additional strain on the circulation, particularly in people who travel frequently.

Simple preventative measures can reduce these risks during a journey. Maintaining good hydration before, during, and after a flight is one of the easiest ways to support healthy circulation. Drinking water regularly, limiting excessive alcohol and caffeine, and choosing lighter meals can help reduce dehydration and unnecessary metabolic stress.

Standing regularly, stretching your legs, and walking around the cabin whenever possible encourage healthy blood flow and reduce the effects of prolonged sitting. Compression stockings may also be useful for people who are at increased risk of circulation problems or blood clots during long journeys.

Managing jet lag is also important. Gradually adjusting sleep times before travel, getting natural daylight after arrival, and following local meal times can help the circadian rhythm adapt more quickly.

Prioritising good-quality sleep, moderate physical activity, and balanced meals after travelling helps the body recover and supports both mental and cardiovascular performance. Where possible, allowing some recovery time between frequent journeys may also reduce the cumulative effects of regular international travel.

The fallacy of feeling fine: knowing your critical numbers

Feeling healthy does not always mean that your cardiovascular health is completely normal. Many people who appear fit and well may have raised cholesterol, high blood pressure, abnormal blood sugar levels, or inherited cholesterol problems without knowing it.

These conditions often cause no symptoms and may remain undetected for many years. Relying only on how you feel can therefore delay diagnosis and allow preventable cardiovascular disease to develop.

Routine health assessments provide objective information that symptoms alone cannot. Regular checks of blood pressure, cholesterol and lipid profiles, HbA1c, kidney function, and other appropriate blood tests can help detect early metabolic or cardiovascular abnormalities.

Having baseline measurements also makes it easier to identify changes over time, assess your overall cardiovascular risk, and take action before problems become more serious.

Preventive healthcare should be seen as part of maintaining long-term health and professional performance rather than something that is only needed when you become unwell.

Combining regular clinical assessments with balanced nutrition, structured exercise, effective stress management, good-quality sleep, and appropriate medical advice creates a practical approach to cardiovascular protection.

For consultants working in London’s demanding corporate environment, understanding and monitoring these key health indicators can be one of the most useful long-term investments in both personal well-being and career sustainability.

Take a proactive approach to your cardiovascular health before symptoms develop. Book a comprehensive heart assessment to understand your cardiovascular risk, identify potential concerns early, and receive personalised guidance for long-term heart health.

Executive burnout or heart disease? Why leaders neglect their heart

Senior executives often put persistent chest tightness, overwhelming fatigue, poor concentration, or reduced stamina down to the pressures of leadership rather than seeing them as potential warning signs of cardiovascular disease.

Heavy workloads, constant decision-making, ambitious targets, and long working hours can create a culture where pushing through discomfort is seen as a sign of resilience and commitment. However, while this approach may help to meet business demands, it can be dangerous when applied to physical health. The cardiovascular system cannot endlessly compensate for chronic stress, poor sleep, and exhaustion.

Being able to distinguish workplace burnout from early heart disease is therefore important for both long-term health and continued professional performance. This article explores the differences between executive burnout and heart disease and explains why early recognition and preventative cardiovascular screening are so important.

The biology of the high-stress C-suite: how cortisol erodes arteries

Constant workplace pressure activates the body’s stress response, releasing hormones that prepare us for immediate action. This is useful in short bursts, but problems can arise when the stress response remains switched on for long periods.

Over time, blood pressure rises, the heart rate may increase, and the blood vessels are repeatedly placed under additional strain. Over months and years, these changes can gradually damage arterial health and increase cardiovascular risk, even in someone who appears outwardly successful, fit, and well.

Long-term stress also increases the workload placed on the heart. If there is little opportunity for proper recovery, cardiovascular resilience may gradually decline.

Persistently raised levels of the stress hormone cortisol can also affect inflammation, cholesterol, and blood sugar control. Together, these changes may encourage the gradual formation of atherosclerotic plaques within the arteries.

These changes often occur silently. The arteries can gradually become less flexible and blood flow may become less efficient without causing obvious symptoms. This is one reason cardiovascular disease can remain unnoticed until it is more advanced. Regular cardiovascular assessment can help identify risk factors and early disease before significant problems develop.

Recovery is therefore just as important as performance. Insufficient sleep, constant access to emails and messages, frequent travel, and irregular exercise can prevent the body from properly recovering from stress.

Regular physical activity, a nutritious diet, good-quality sleep, effective stress management, and appropriate medical assessments all help reduce the strain placed on the cardiovascular system. Building regular periods of recovery into a demanding working life can support both long-term heart health and sustained physical and mental performance.

The dangerous overlap: when burnout mimics heart failure

Burnout and cardiovascular disease can produce similar symptoms, which makes it easy for busy professionals to mistake one for the other.

Persistent exhaustion may seem entirely related to work. Mild breathlessness while walking between meetings may be put down to being unfit. Occasional heart palpitations may be ignored because deadlines, travel, caffeine, and stress seem like obvious explanations.

The danger is that important warning signs can be dismissed for months or even years. This delay may allow cardiovascular disease to progress without appropriate investigation or treatment.

A careful medical assessment can help distinguish emotional exhaustion from a cardiovascular problem. Burnout more commonly affects motivation, concentration, sleep quality, and emotional resilience. Heart disease may be more likely to cause symptoms such as breathlessness on exertion, chest discomfort, palpitations, or an unexplained reduction in physical ability.

Symptoms that consistently appear or worsen during physical activity should be assessed promptly rather than automatically being blamed on stress or tiredness.

Ignoring persistent symptoms can delay diagnosis and reduce opportunities for early treatment. Senior leaders are often very good at managing difficult professional problems but may underestimate risks to their own health because the symptoms still feel manageable.

Seeking medical assessment when fatigue changes significantly, exercise tolerance falls, or palpitations become more frequent can provide reassurance when nothing serious is wrong. If cardiovascular disease is present, earlier diagnosis allows treatment and risk reduction to begin sooner.

Atypical presentations: the symptoms you aren’t looking for

Not every cardiovascular condition causes dramatic chest pain.

Silent ischaemia occurs when the heart muscle receives reduced blood flow without producing the typical symptoms that people associate with heart disease. As a result, the problem may remain undetected.

Some people instead notice more subtle changes, such as reduced stamina, slower recovery after exercise, increasing tiredness, or difficulty keeping up with activities that were previously easy. These changes are often blamed on ageing, a heavy workload, lack of holidays, or general lifestyle pressures.

Recognising a gradual change in physical ability can be important because it may provide an early opportunity for medical assessment.

Conditions such as aortic stenosis and significant coronary artery disease can develop slowly. At first, the symptoms may be quite mild.

Climbing stairs, carrying luggage through an airport, or walking quickly between meetings may gradually become more difficult. Because this deterioration can happen slowly, people often adapt without realising it. They may take the lift instead of the stairs, walk more slowly, or avoid activities that leave them breathless.

This can make an important change in cardiovascular health harder to recognise.

Knowing your normal level of fitness provides a useful comparison. People who are familiar with their usual exercise tolerance can identify gradual deterioration more easily.

Keeping track of symptoms, activity levels, and cardiovascular risk factors, and discussing unexplained changes with a healthcare professional, can encourage earlier diagnosis and reduce the chance of a preventable cardiovascular event.

Proactive risk management: the executive screening architecture

Preventative cardiovascular screening aims to identify risk factors and cardiovascular disease before symptoms become severe.

Investigations such as CT calcium scoring and carotid intima-media thickness assessment can provide additional information about the health of the arteries in appropriate patients.

These tests can be considered alongside more familiar assessments such as blood pressure monitoring, cholesterol testing, review of family history, lifestyle assessment, and personalised cardiovascular risk profiling.

Together, this information can help build a clearer picture of an individual’s cardiovascular risk and guide decisions about prevention and treatment.

Early screening can be particularly valuable because many cardiovascular risk factors cause no symptoms. Identifying raised cholesterol, high blood pressure, diabetes, or arterial calcification provides an opportunity to make changes before complications develop.

These may include lifestyle modifications, improvements in diet and exercise, medication where appropriate, and regular follow-up.

For busy executives, this proactive approach can reduce the likelihood of unexpected health problems while supporting long-term health and professional performance.

Cardiovascular screening should therefore be viewed as an investment in health rather than something that is only required once symptoms become severe. Understanding your personal cardiovascular risk replaces uncertainty with useful information and allows action to be taken when it is most effective.

Early identification of cardiovascular disease can help protect personal well-being, family life, independence, and the ability to continue working at a high level.

Book a comprehensive heart assessment to gain a clearer understanding of your cardiovascular health and take proactive steps towards preventing future complications.

The heart-productivity link: how cardiovascular health impacts focus

Modern professionals often respond to brain fog, poor concentration, and afternoon energy slumps by reaching for caffeine, productivity tools, or making short-term lifestyle changes. These approaches may help temporarily, but they do not always address the underlying factors that support good mental performance.

The heart continuously delivers oxygen and nutrients to the brain, making cardiovascular health an important foundation of cognitive endurance. Looking after the cardiovascular system can therefore support concentration, clear thinking, and sustained productivity throughout a demanding working day.

Understanding the link between heart health and brain function can help people make better choices around exercise, sleep, stress, and preventive healthcare. This article discusses the relationship between cardiovascular health and productivity, focusing on how heart health may influence concentration, mental performance, and overall workplace efficiency.

Cerebral perfusion: why your brain is a cardiac parasite

Good cardiovascular health is important for maintaining normal brain function and cognitive performance. Although the brain makes up only a small proportion of total body weight, it uses approximately 20% of the body’s oxygen supply.

Every thought, decision, and memory therefore depends on a reliable blood supply. Continuous blood flow delivers oxygen and glucose to brain cells, allowing them to communicate effectively. These processes support concentration, reasoning, creativity, memory, and sustained mental performance throughout the working day.

Cerebral perfusion simply means the flow of blood through the brain. Healthy circulation helps ensure that different parts of the brain receive the oxygen and nutrients they need. Stable blood pressure and effective heart function help maintain an adequate blood supply, even when physical or mental demands change.

Significant problems with circulation can affect attention, memory, and mental clarity. For this reason, maintaining good cardiovascular health is an important part of supporting long-term brain health as well as physical fitness.

Declining focus is often blamed on stress, poor sleep, or tiredness, and these are common causes. However, cardiovascular health also plays an important role in maintaining healthy brain function.

Regular physical activity is one of the simplest ways to support both the heart and the brain. Aerobic exercise supports cerebral blood flow and executive function, while also improving cardiovascular fitness. Over time, regular exercise can help support concentration, mental alertness, learning, and overall cognitive performance.

Heart rate variability (HRV) and decision-making under pressure

Heart rate variability, commonly known as HRV, describes the natural variation in the time between individual heartbeats rather than simply measuring how fast the heart is beating.

A healthy heart does not beat at perfectly regular intervals. Some variation is normal and reflects the body’s ability to respond to changing demands. HRV is influenced by the balance between the sympathetic nervous system, which is involved in the stress response, and the parasympathetic nervous system, which helps the body rest and recover.

Higher HRV is generally associated with greater cardiovascular fitness and better ability to adapt to physical and psychological stress. Research has also linked HRV with aspects of emotional recognition and regulation.

Senior professionals regularly work in situations where quick decisions can affect financial performance, colleagues, clients, and wider organisations. The ability to recover effectively from stress may help people remain calm and think clearly rather than staying in a prolonged state of heightened alertness.

A healthy cardiovascular system and good physical fitness are associated with better HRV. This may help individuals remain composed and make better decisions under pressure, although HRV is only one of many factors that influence decision-making and performance.

Regular aerobic exercise can improve cardiovascular fitness and improve HRV parameters over time. Together with good sleep, stress management, and adequate recovery, this can support cardiovascular resilience and help people cope more effectively with demanding workloads.

The microvascular cost of the sedentary desk dynamic

Modern office life often involves sitting for many hours each day. Long meetings, desk work, commuting, and video calls can mean that professionals remain inactive for extended periods without realising how much time has passed.

Prolonged sitting reduces the muscle activity that normally helps circulation. Over time, sedentary behaviour has been linked to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, making it an important consideration for people who spend most of their working day at a desk.

One effect of prolonged sitting is reduced endothelial function. The endothelium is the thin layer of cells lining the inside of the blood vessels. It plays an important role in controlling how blood vessels widen and narrow and helps maintain healthy circulation.

Limited movement reduces the normal forces created by flowing blood against the vessel walls, known as shear stress, and this can impair endothelial function. These changes may develop gradually and without obvious symptoms.

The good news is that relatively small amounts of movement can help. Breaking up long periods of sitting can help preserve endothelial function.

Standing meetings, brief walking breaks, stretching, taking the stairs, and regular structured exercise are simple ways to reduce sedentary time. When combined with other healthy lifestyle habits, these measures support cardiovascular health, improve physical fitness, and can help maintain energy during a busy working day.

Beyond routine checkups: clinical biomarkers for the high-performer

Routine medical assessments are important for monitoring cardiovascular health, but no single resting test can identify every form of heart disease.

Some people can have normal blood pressure, heart rate, and resting electrocardiogram findings despite underlying cardiovascular disease. Silent myocardial ischaemia, where the heart muscle receives inadequate blood flow without causing typical symptoms, can still be associated with increased cardiovascular risk.

Where symptoms or cardiovascular risk factors suggest that further investigation is appropriate, additional tests may provide more detailed information about how the heart and coronary arteries are functioning.

A stress echocardiogram assesses how the heart performs when it is working harder, usually during exercise or sometimes with medication that increases the workload on the heart.

Because some abnormalities become apparent only when the heart is under increased demand, a stress echocardiogram can provide useful information that may not be visible on a resting heart scan. In appropriate patients, it can help investigate possible coronary artery disease and guide decisions about whether further tests or treatment are needed.

A CT coronary angiogram provides detailed images of the coronary arteries. It can identify cholesterol-containing plaque and narrowing of the arteries supplying blood to the heart and can be very useful in appropriately selected patients.

Tests such as these are most useful when chosen according to an individual’s symptoms, medical history, family history, and cardiovascular risk rather than being performed routinely in everyone.

Combined with healthy lifestyle habits, regular medical follow-up, and personalised clinical advice, appropriate cardiovascular investigations can help identify cardiovascular disease, guide preventive treatment, and reduce future cardiovascular risk.

Maintaining good heart health is not only important for reducing the risk of heart attack or stroke. It also supports the circulation and physical fitness needed to remain active, mentally sharp, and productive over the long term.

TAVI vs. open-heart surgery: which is right for you?

Treatment for severe aortic stenosis (narrowing of the aortic valve) has changed dramatically over the last two decades. In the past, replacing the aortic valve almost always meant open-heart surgery. Today, many patients can be treated with a minimally invasive procedure called transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI or TAVR), which replaces the valve through a small incision, usually in the groin.

Choosing between TAVI and open-heart surgery is no longer a one-size-fits-all decision. The best treatment depends on several factors, including your age, overall health, the structure of your heart, and whether you have any other heart conditions that also need treatment. Understanding how each option works can help you make an informed decision alongside your cardiologist.

Understanding surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR)

Surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR) has been the standard treatment for severe aortic stenosis for many years and remains an excellent option for many patients.

During the operation, the surgeon opens the chest, temporarily connects you to a heart-lung machine, removes the damaged valve and replaces it with either a mechanical valve or a biological (tissue) valve. Some surgeons can now do this through a smaller incision, although that is not suitable for all patients and is only done by select surgeons.

For younger patients, surgery is often recommended because of its excellent long-term durability. Mechanical valves can last for many decades, although they require lifelong blood-thinning medication. Tissue valves do not usually require long-term anticoagulation and also have an excellent track record, although they eventually wear out over time.

Surgery is also the preferred option if other heart problems need treating at the same time. For example, if you need coronary artery bypass surgery, repair of another heart valve or treatment of an enlarged aorta, all of these can be carried out during the same operation.

Recovery after surgery is naturally longer because the breastbone needs time to heal. Most patients spend around five to ten days in hospital before continuing their recovery at home. Although recovery takes longer than after TAVI, many patients go on to enjoy excellent symptom relief and long-term outcomes.

The TAVI revolution: a less invasive option

Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) has transformed the treatment of aortic stenosis, particularly for older patients and those who may be at higher risk from open-heart surgery.

Rather than opening the chest, your cardiologist inserts a replacement valve through a catheter, usually via a small puncture in the artery at the top of the leg. The new valve is positioned inside the diseased valve and begins working immediately.

Because there is no large chest incision, the procedure places less physical stress on the body. This can make TAVI particularly suitable for people with other medical conditions, such as lung disease, kidney problems, frailty or previous heart surgery.

Careful planning is essential before TAVI. A detailed CT scan allows the heart team to measure the valve accurately, assess the arteries and plan the safest way to perform the procedure. This helps ensure the new valve is positioned correctly and functions as intended.

As technology and experience have improved, TAVI has become a well-established treatment for many patients with severe aortic stenosis. In appropriately selected patients, it provides excellent symptom relief and outstanding clinical outcomes. It is now the standard treatment in Europe for those with severe aortic stenosis over the age of 70 years.

Recovery: days versus weeks

One of the biggest differences between TAVI and open-heart surgery is the recovery time.

Many people who undergo TAVI are sitting out of bed, walking and eating on the same day or the following morning. If recovery is straightforward, they can often return home within one to three days, with select patients even having the procedure as a day-case.

Recovery after surgery is generally longer. Patients usually remain in hospital for around five to ten days before continuing their rehabilitation at home. Because the breastbone needs time to heal, activities such as driving, heavy lifting and strenuous exercise are restricted for several weeks.

Although a quicker recovery is an important advantage of TAVI, it should not be the only factor when choosing treatment. The priority is selecting the procedure that offers the safest treatment and the best long-term result for each individual patient.

How is the decision made?

Choosing between TAVI and surgery involves looking at the whole picture rather than focusing on a single factor.

Your cardiologist will consider your age, general fitness, kidney and lung function, previous heart operations, life expectancy and how active you are. They will also assess whether you are likely to recover well from major surgery.

The anatomy of your heart is equally important. Detailed scans show the size and shape of your aortic valve, the amount of calcium present and whether the arteries are suitable for TAVI. Some patients have anatomy that makes TAVI the ideal option, while others are better served by surgery.

At specialist heart centres, these decisions are usually made by a multidisciplinary Heart Team. This includes interventional cardiologists, cardiac surgeons, imaging specialists, anaesthetists and specialist nurses, who review each case together. By combining their expertise with the latest evidence, they recommend the treatment that offers the greatest benefit and the lowest risk.

Patients are an important part of this decision-making process. Understanding the expected benefits, potential risks, valve durability, recovery time and any future treatment that may be required helps ensure the chosen treatment is the right one for your individual circumstances.

If you have been diagnosed with severe aortic stenosis, a specialist assessment can help determine whether TAVI or open-heart surgery is the most appropriate option. Our team can guide you through the available treatments, explain the benefits and risks of each approach, and help you choose the treatment that is best suited to your heart and your lifestyle.

How we fix a hole in the heart: the PFO closure journey

Being told you have a patent foramen ovale (PFO) can be worrying, especially if it has been discovered after a stroke or transient ischaemic attack (TIA). Fortunately, PFO closure is now a routine, minimally invasive procedure that is highly effective in carefully selected patients.

From diagnosis through to recovery, every stage of the process is carefully planned to ensure the procedure is as safe, comfortable and straightforward as possible. Understanding what to expect can help you feel more confident about your treatment and recovery.

No open-heart surgery required

One of the biggest advantages of modern PFO closure is that it does not require open-heart surgery.

Instead, the procedure is performed using a thin, flexible tube called a catheter, which is inserted through a small puncture in the vein at the top of the leg (groin). The catheter is carefully guided through the blood vessels to the heart using X-ray imaging and ultrasound, allowing your cardiologist to reach the PFO without making any large incisions.

Although this sounds complicated, it is a well-established procedure performed regularly in specialist heart centres.

Most patients have the procedure under general anaesthetic, as this enables the use of a transoesophageal echo (TOE), an ultrasound probe inserted into the gullet, which gives very detailed pictures of the heart. In select patients it can also be done under local anaesthetic with light sedation.

Because there is no large surgical wound, recovery is much quicker, discomfort is usually minimal and the risk of complications is lower than with traditional heart surgery.

Closing the PFO

Once the catheter reaches the heart, a specially designed closure device is passed through it to the PFO.

The device is made of two small discs attached together by a narrow waist. One disc opens on each side of the PFO, gently sealing the opening between the upper chambers of the heart. Once your cardiologist is happy that the device is in the correct position, it is released and left in place permanently.

Throughout the procedure, ultrasound imaging is used to ensure the device is positioned accurately before it is detached from the catheter.

Although every patient is different, the procedure itself usually takes less than an hour.

Over the following weeks and months, your own heart tissue gradually grows over the device. Eventually, it becomes incorporated into the wall of the heart, creating a permanent seal while allowing the heart to continue functioning normally.

Recovery: can I go home the same day?

For many people, the answer is yes.

PFO closure is commonly performed as a day-case procedure, meaning you can often return home later the same day after a few hours of observation. Some patients stay overnight, depending on their medical history or how they recover after the procedure.

Before you go home, your heart rhythm, blood pressure and the catheter insertion site will be checked to make sure everything is as expected, along with an echocardiogram to ensure there are no immediate issues after the procedure.

Most people feel well enough to resume light daily activities within a day or two. Driving, heavy lifting and strenuous exercise are avoided for about a week, while the puncture site heals.

You will also be prescribed medication, usually aspirin or another antiplatelet medication like clopidogrel, for several months after the procedure. This helps reduce the risk of small blood clots forming on the device while it becomes covered by your own heart tissue.

Follow-up appointments, including an echocardiogram, are arranged to confirm that the device is securely in place and that the PFO has been successfully closed.

The long-term outlook

The main reason for closing a PFO is to reduce the risk of another stroke in carefully selected patients who have had a stroke or TIA without another identifiable cause.

The PFO provides a potential pathway for a blood clot to pass from the right side of the heart to the left, where it can travel to the brain and cause a stroke. Closing the opening removes this pathway, helping to reduce the risk of future events.

Once the device has become fully incorporated into the heart, most patients can return to their normal lifestyle without any long-term restrictions related to the procedure. The device remains permanently in place and is designed to last a lifetime.

If you have been diagnosed with a PFO or have experienced an unexplained stroke or TIA, a specialist assessment can determine whether PFO closure is the right treatment for you. Our team can explain the procedure, answer your questions and guide you through every stage of your care.

Understanding your heart under pressure: the stress echocardiogram

A standard echocardiogram (heart ultrasound scan) provides a great deal of information about the structure of your heart and how well it works when you are resting. However, some heart conditions only become apparent when your heart has to work harder, such as during exercise. If your symptoms mainly occur when you are active, a resting scan may not tell the whole story.

A stress echocardiogram helps us understand how your heart performs under these more demanding conditions. By looking at your heart while it is working harder, we can identify problems that may not be visible on a routine scan. This makes it an important test for investigating symptoms such as chest pain, breathlessness or unexplained reduced exercise capacity.

The stress echocardiogram: seeing your heart in action

A stress echocardiogram is designed to assess how your heart responds when it is under strain. Unlike a standard echocardiogram, which is performed while you are resting, this test allows us to see how your heart functions during exercise or after medication that makes it work harder.

The test begins with a series of ultrasound images of your heart at rest. These provide a baseline that can be compared with images taken later in the test.

Your heart is then put under controlled stress, either by exercising on a treadmill or by receiving a medication called dobutamine, which increases your heart rate and the strength of each heartbeat. Once your heart is working harder, another set of ultrasound images is taken.

By comparing the images before and during stress, your cardiologist can see whether all parts of the heart muscle are receiving enough blood and contracting normally. Areas that do not move as well during stress may indicate a narrowing or blockage in one or more of the coronary arteries.

Because the test uses ultrasound, there is no exposure to radiation. It is a safe, non-invasive investigation that provides valuable information about how your heart functions during everyday physical activity, rather than simply how it looks at rest.

Exercise or dobutamine: which is right for you?

For most people, the preferred option is to exercise on a treadmill. The speed and incline gradually increase while your heart rate, blood pressure and ECG are closely monitored. This provides the most natural way of assessing how your heart responds to physical activity.

However, not everyone is able to exercise enough to make the test accurate. Mobility problems, arthritis, lung disease or other medical conditions can make treadmill exercise difficult or unsuitable.

In these situations, we use a medication called dobutamine. It safely increases your heart rate and makes the heart beat more strongly, producing effects that closely resemble exercise. Throughout the test, you are carefully monitored by experienced healthcare professionals to ensure your safety.

Whichever approach is used, the aim is the same: to see how well your heart performs when it is working harder and to identify any problems that may not be apparent at rest.

What is the cardiologist looking for?

The main purpose of a stress echocardiogram is to identify areas of the heart muscle that do not receive enough blood during exercise or stress.

When the coronary arteries become narrowed by fatty deposits, blood flow may still be adequate while you are resting. However, when your heart has to work harder, those narrowed arteries may no longer be able to deliver enough oxygen-rich blood. As a result, part of the heart muscle may not contract as well as it should.

These changes, known as wall motion abnormalities, are one of the key signs that cardiologists look for during the test. By comparing the images taken before and during stress, we can identify these subtle differences and assess whether they are likely to be caused by coronary artery disease.

The test can also be used in some patients with narrowing of their aortic valve (aortic stenosis), when associated with weakness of the heart muscle. This can clarify how severe the aortic stenosis really is and whether it needs treating or not.

Your cardiologist will also assess how your heart rate and blood pressure respond during the test, as well as your overall heart function. Looking at all of this information together provides a much clearer picture of your heart health and helps determine whether further investigations or treatment are needed.

Rapid answers and faster diagnosis

One of the major advantages of a stress echocardiogram is that it can provide answers quickly. In many cases, your cardiologist can discuss the initial findings with you shortly after the test, helping to reduce the anxiety of waiting for results.

If the test suggests reduced blood flow to the heart muscle, further investigations or treatment can be arranged promptly. Early diagnosis allows us to manage coronary artery disease before it leads to more serious problems, such as a heart attack.

Many specialist cardiology clinics offer stress echocardiography as part of a streamlined, one-stop assessment. By combining consultation, imaging and interpretation into a single visit where appropriate, patients can often receive a diagnosis and management plan much sooner than through more traditional pathways.

If you have symptoms such as chest pain, breathlessness or reduced exercise tolerance, a stress echocardiogram may provide the answers you need. An early assessment can help identify the cause of your symptoms, guide the most appropriate treatment and give you greater confidence about your heart health. Schedule an appointment to receive expert guidance tailored to your symptoms and concerns or contact your GP.

Clinic Locations

Multiple locations, one standard of exceptional heart care.

Cromwell Hosptal

London

+44 207 183 0920

Opening hours:
Monday and Friday, On Demand

London Heart Centre

London

+44 207 183 0920

Opening hours:
Thursday, 1pm to 4:30pm

St. Bartholomew's (Barts)

London

+44 207 183 0920

Opening hours:
On Demand

Wellington Hospital

London

+44 207 183 0920

Opening hours:
Thursday, 9:30am to 12pm

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