Mitral Stenosis
Mitral stenosis occurs when the mitral valve, which sits between the left atrium and left ventricle, becomes stiff and narrowed. This narrowing makes it harder for blood to flow efficiently from the atrium to the ventricle, increasing pressure in the heart. Over time, the heart and lungs must work harder to compensate, which can cause breathlessness and reduced exercise tolerance. The severity of the narrowing varies between individuals and can develop slowly over many years. Early detection allows for monitoring and timely treatment to prevent complications.
Why does it happen?
The most common cause of mitral stenosis is rheumatic fever experienced earlier in life, which can scar and deform the valve. In older patients, calcium build-up on the valve can also lead to narrowing. Some individuals are born with structural valve abnormalities that predispose them to stenosis. Each of these factors reduces the valve’s ability to open fully, gradually increasing pressure in the left atrium and the lungs. Understanding the underlying cause helps guide the most appropriate treatment strategy.
What are the symptoms?
Symptoms may appear gradually as the valve narrowing worsens. Mild cases may remain unnoticed for years, while more severe narrowing can significantly affect daily activities. Common symptoms include:
- Shortness of breath, especially during exertion.
- Fatigue
- Palpitations
- Swelling in the legs or feet.
These symptoms reflect increased pressure in the heart and lungs, highlighting the need for specialist assessment.
Why is it important?
Mitral stenosis increases pressure in the left atrium and the pulmonary circulation, which can strain the heart and lungs. Over time, it may lead to enlargement of the left atrium, irregular heart rhythms such as atrial fibrillation, and eventually heart failure if left untreated.
Early diagnosis and appropriate management are crucial to prevent these complications. Regular monitoring and timely intervention help maintain quality of life and protect long-term heart health.
How is it treated?
Treatment depends on the severity of the stenosis and its impact on the heart. Mild cases may be managed with medications to relieve symptoms and control the heart rhythm. In patients with significant narrowing, the mitral valve can be widened using a minimally invasive balloon valvuloplasty.
In some cases, surgical valve replacement may be necessary. Your cardiologist will recommend the approach that best restores normal blood flow and protects long-term heart function.
frequently asked questions
How is mitral stenosis diagnosed?
Mitral stenosis is usually diagnosed with an echocardiogram, which shows the valve’s narrowing and its effect on blood flow. Additional tests may include an ECG or chest X-ray.
Can mitral stenosis lead to complications if untreated?
Yes, untreated mitral stenosis can cause atrial fibrillation, heart enlargement, pulmonary hypertension, and eventually heart failure.
Is mitral stenosis hereditary?
Mitral stenosis is usually not inherited. It most commonly results from rheumatic fever, age-related changes, or congenital valve abnormalities rather than being passed down genetically.
Results and Next Steps
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